资料简介
We are at a point when we need better, fairer, smarter and cleaner government policies to build energy systems to rapidly redirect us toward zero emissions pathways. This report details why and how current global government subsidies to consumers and producers of fossil fuels – of around USD 425 billion in 2015 – hold us back from delivering sustainable development and building the sustainable energy systems needed in the 21st Century. Subsidies to fossil fuels represent massive and ongoing lost opportunities for governments to support the delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals: representing half the amount needed to plug the sustainable energy access finance gap; 11 times more than needed for the basic education finance gap; 13 times more than the basic health care gap; three times more than the equivalent subsidies to renewables; and a massive 22 times more than current financing toward adaptation and resilience to climate change. This report outlines how fossil fuel subsidies are a cost that governments can no longer afford to ignore from many perspectives, including economic, social protection and welfare; health care; education; air pollution; and gender. Fossil fuel subsidies also contribute toward climate change by depressing the price of fossil fuels and thereby encouraging greater production and consumption – and thus carbon emissions. Research estimates that the removal of all fossil fuel subsidies would lead to a global decrease in carbon emissions of between 6.4–8.2 per cent by 2050. Country-level research undertaken for the Nordic Council of Ministers across 20 countries prior to the Paris Agreement found a national average of 11 per cent reduction by 2020, rising to an average 18 per cent reduction combined with a SWAP of 30 per cent of savings toward renewable energy and energy efficiency. It is estimated that with the combination of fiscal instruments applied to fossil fuels (i.e., subsidy reform and appropriate taxation) global emissions reductions could improve further still to a 20 per cent reduction. Data over the last 30 years suggests that, had we switched off government subsidies to fossil fuels, global emissions would have been more than a third lower than they actually were in 2010. Therefore, this report outlines how governments need to switch off subsidies to oil, gas and coal, but also need to switch on massive investments into renewables and energy efficiency and other more productive investments such as targeted cash safety nets for the poor or for health and education. Countries need to make a SWAP. Nordic countries have started this shift away from fossil fuel subsidies and toward government support to heat pumps as in Sweden, electric cars as in Norway and wind power in Denmark. A SWAP is where countries undergo fossil fuel subsidy reform and allocate some of the resulting savings toward sustainable energy and development. It is a huge and desperately needed idea in an age of scarce resources and a planet undergoing climate change. One example would be gradual removal of diesel subsidies with a parallel investment into solar agriculture pumps that can replace expensive diesel ones; a removal of gas subsidies alongside a huge investment into industrial energy efficiency; reform of coal subsidies with a shift of savings and support toward renewable energy; or a removal of gasoline subsidies and investment in building targeted national safety net schemes. Countries such as Ethiopia, The Philippines, Peru, and Morocco have started to make this shift. This report outlines SWAPs for four countries that are all currently undergoing reform: Bangladesh, Indonesia, Morocco and Zambia. Such a SWAP is needed for all economies, and SWAP suggestions for China and the United States are also included with a focus of savings moved toward a just transition and energy efficiency. The 2015 Paris Agreement was an important signal to everyone. However, the work of implementing large-scale government reforms and a parallel redirection toward zero carbon and sustainable energy infrastructure projects is now needed – a massive switching off of fossil fuels subsidies and a switching on of government policies to support renewables and energy efficiency. A global SWAP. A global shift. All of us need to make the SWAP and make it soon.
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