资料简介
Indonesia’s power sector faces a number of challenges, notably the need to meet rising demand for electricity and to serve consumers in geographically remote regions. Indonesia’s energy mix is currently dominated by coal, with attendant negative public health and environmental impacts. At the heart of Indonesia’s power sector is PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN), the state-owned electricity company that operates most of the power generators and is the sole provider of transmission, distribution and retail sales of electricity. This paper reviews the ability of the Indonesian electricity sector to meet Indonesia’s need for electricity in a financially sustainable way, following the Financial Sustainability Electricity Sector (FSES) analytical framework developed by the International Institute for Sustainable Development’s Global Subsidies Initiative. The report analyzes the ability of the power sector to cover costs, to provide reliable demand, to make necessary investments and to operate according to environmental and social norms. The key findings are as follows: • Despite the government’s efforts to increase electricity tariffs over time, subsidies are still an important part of PLN’s revenues, playing an essential role in bridging the gap between costs and revenues from electricity sales. • Subsidies are predominantly being paid to areas with higher population densities. This is somewhat at odds with the objective to increase access to electricity. • Investments in Indonesia’s power sector are being reflected in the positive evolution of indicators tracking capacity and demand and in the overall improvement of supply quality. However, the country experiences remarkable differences at the regional level. Bottlenecks in the transmission and distribution sector should be addressed to improve service in underserved regions. • The government’s efforts to promote investment have led to significant deployment of new capacity. Given the rapid growth, it is important to monitor the efficiency of the investments and ensure that they meet the needs of consumers, and are consistent with targets to increase the role for sustainable electricity. • Perhaps the largest challenge for Indonesia’s electricity sector is to move beyond providing electricity to delivering electricity in a sustainable manner. Despite well-aligned targets to increase the share of renewables in the power sector, efforts to deploy more renewable energy have been slow and it is far from certain that current targets will be reached. The country should also study the most efficient way to achieve near-universal access to electricity by 2020, evaluating the potential of decentralized generation based on renewable capacity for remote islands. To conclude, key challenges for sustainability in the power sector include the continued use of subsidies to prop up the sector and the increasing reliance on coal to meet demand, which poses serious health impacts in urban areas and costs to society through carbon emissions. The “true cost” of coal generation should be considered in the price of electricity, including the environmental externalities of coal use.
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